Biology XII

Reproduction in Organisms
 12 Topics
Lifespan
Reproduction and Its Types
Reproduction and Its Types II
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction II
Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative Propagation II
Sexual Reproduction : Common Features
Sexual Reproduction : Common Features II
Sexual Reproduction : Common Features III
Events in Sexual Reproduction: Pre-Fertilisation Events
Events in Sexual Reproduction: Pre-Fertilisation Events II
Reproduction in Flowering plants
20 Topics
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Stamen
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Microsporangium
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Microsporogenesis II
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Microgametogenesis III
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Pistil
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Ovule
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Pollination and Its Types
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Pollinating Agents and Anemophily
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Hydrophily
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Zoophily
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Outbreeding Devices
Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Pollen-Pistil Interaction
Artificial Hybridisation
Double Fertilisation
Post-fertilisation structures and Events: Endosperm
Post-fertilisation structures and Events: Development of a Dicot Embryo
Post-fertilisation structures and Events: Development of a Monocot Embryo
Post-fertilisation Structures and Events: Seeds and Fruits
Apomixis and Polyembryony
Human Reproduction
 13 Topics
Human Male Reproductive System – Testes
Human Male Reproductive System – Accessory Sex Organs
Human Female Reproductive System – Ovaries
Human Female Reproductive System – Accessory Sex Organs
Mammary Glands
Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Structure of a Sperm
Gametogenesis – Oogenesis
Menstrual Cycle
Structure of Ovum
Fertilisation
Cleavage and Implantation
Reproductive Health
 10 Topics
Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
Population Stabilisation and Birth Control
Natural Contraceptive Methods
Barrier Contraceptive Methods
Intra Uterine Devices, Oral Contraceptives, Injectables and Implants
Surgical Methods of Contraception
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Infertility
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
 34 Topics
Genetics and Gregor Johann Mendel
Important Terms Used in Genetics
Inheritance of One Gene
Test Cross
Principle of Dominance and Principle of Segregation
Incomplete Dominance
Explanation for Dominance
Co-dominance
Pleiotropy
Inheritance of Two Genes
Law of Independent Assortment
Rediscovery of Mendel’s Work
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Morgan and Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Linkage and Recombination
Linkage and Distance Between Linked Genes – I
Linkage and Distance Between Linked Genes – II
Genetic Mapping
Polygenic Inheritance
Sex Chromosomes
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance
 29 Topics
Structure of a Polynucleotide Chain
Structure of DNA
Packaging of DNA Helix
Transforming Principle
Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle
Hershey and Chase Experiment
Properties of Genetic Material
RNA World
Meselson and Stahl Experiment
Mechanism of DNA Replication
Transcription – Introduction
Transcription Unit
Transcription Unit and The Gene
Types of RNA and Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes
Types of RNA and Process of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Genetic Code – I
Genetic Code – II
Mutations and Genetic Code
TRNA- The Adapter Molecule
Ribosomes
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Evolution
 22 Topics
Origin of Universe and Earth
Theories of Origin of Life
Abiogenic Theory of Origin of Life
Origin of First Cellular Form of Life
Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory
Evidences of Evolution – Fossils
Embryological Evidences of Evolution
Comparative Morphology and Anatomy as Evidence of Evolution
Molecular Biology as Evidence of Evolution
Industrial Melanism as Evidence of Evolution
Evolution by Anthropogenic Action
Adaptive Radiation
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution – I
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution – II
Mechanism of Evolution
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Factors Affecting the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Operation of Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
A Brief Account of Evolution
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Human Health and Diseases
 41 Topics
Health
How to Maintain Good Health
Disease and Its Types
Some Diseases in Humans – Typhoid
Some Diseases in Humans -Pneumonia, Diphtheria, Plague, Dysentery
Some Diseases in Humans – Common Cold
Some Diseases in Humans – Malaria
Some Diseases in Humans – Amoebiasis
Some Diseases in Humans – Ascariasis
Some Diseases in Humans – Elephantiasis
Some Diseases in Humans – Ringworm
Immunity and Its Types
Physical Barriers of Innate Immunity
Physiological Barriers of Innate Immunity
Cellular Barriers of Innate Immunity
Cytokine Barriers of Innate Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Structure of An Antibody
Types of Antibodies
Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity
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Strategies for Enhancement in Food production
 20 Topics
Animal Husbandry
Dairy Farm Management
Poultry Farm Management
Animal Breeding
Inbreeding
Outbreeding
Types of Outbreeding
Controlled Breeding Experiments
Bee-keeping
Fisheries
Plant Breeding
Steps in Plant Breeding
High-Yielding Varieties of Some Crops
Conventional Method of Breeding for Disease Resistance
Mutation Breeding for Disease Resistance
Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests
Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality
Single Cell Protein
Tissue Culture
Somatic Hybridisation
Microbes in Human Welfare
 8 Topics
Microbes in Household Products
Microbes in Industrial Products – Fermented Beverages
Microbes in Industrial Products – Antibiotics
Microbes in Industrial Products – Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules
Microbes in Sewage Treatment – Primary Treatment
Microbes in Sewage Treatment – Secondary Treatment
Microbes in Production of Biogas
Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
Biotechnology Principles and Processes
 10 Topics
Bioprocess Engineering
Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Restriction enzymes
Competent host
Restriction enzymes
Amplification of gene of interest using PCR
Downstream Processing
Isolation of genetic material (DNA).
Obtaining the foreign gene product
Biotechnology and Its Application
 1 Topic
Insect-Resistant Plants
Organisms and Populations
 10 Topics
Population attributes
Life History Variation
Major abiotic factors
Organisms and their environment
Parasitism
Population attributes
Population growth.
Population interactions.
Responses to abiotic factors.
Temperature as major abiotic factors
Ecosystem
 8 Topics
Carbon cycle.
Decomposition
Ecological pyramid
Ecological succession
Ecosystem- Structure and function.
Energy flow
Phosphorus cycle.
Succession of plants.
Biodiversity and its Conservation
 6 Topics
Ecological Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Over Exploitation
Importance of species diversity to the ecosystem
Loss of biodiversity
Patterns of biodiversity
Environmental Issues
 1 Topic
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
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Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis

Biology XII Reproduction in Flowering plants Pre-Fertilisation Structures and Events: Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis
  • (Embryo sac, megaspore mother cell, megaspore,megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, egg apparatus, filiform apparatus, egg, synergids, antipodal cell, polar nuclei)
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